Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Great Intervention - 911 Words

For the most part, The GREAT intervention is taught to the participants how it was designed by the law enforcement officers who created the program. In order to determine if the GREAT program is being implemented as designed, interviews, observations, and surveys must be conducted by the personnel from the Department of Justice. First, the population that the program targeted are students in elementary and middle school, which is the group of individuals that often participate in the GREAT intervention. Also, the classrooms that are part of the intervention are selected by the school’s administrators and the students need to get permission from their parents before participating. Both these steps are conducted immediately by both the school’s staff and students. Furthermore, all of the thirteen lessons of the intervention are taught by the certified GREAT instructors and they are all taught within one hour just as planned. All of the instructors took part in all of the training courses needed to teach this intervention effectively and accurately. A major component of this program is to have teachers facilitate the program with the GREAT instructors. When teachers are involved during the GREAT lectures, the lessons are conducted more smoothly, students are more attentive to the context of the lectures, and the participants are more respectful towards the instructors (Esbensen et al., 2011). In the classes that do not have the full support and attention of the teachers, theShow MoreRelatedGovernment Intervention and the Causes of the Great Depression2012 Words   |  9 Pagesknown as booms and recessions support a delicate equilibrium of checks and balances, employment and unemployment. The year 1929 marked the beginning of the downward spi ral of this delicate economic balance known as The Great Depression of the United States of America. The Great Depression is by far the most significant economic event that occurred during the twentieth century making other depressions pale in comparison. As a result, it placed the world’s political and economic systems into a completeRead MoreBritishs Governments Intervention during the Great Irish Famine2417 Words   |  10 Pages The Great Irish Famine happened during the mid-19th century, and was caused by potato blight, which hit Ireland in 1845 (Grada, â€Å"Ireland’s Great Famine† 43). It destroyed a big portion of crops so it became â€Å"lethal† due to the fact that Ireland was very dependent on potatoes in their everyday meals (Grada, â€Å"Ireland’s Great Famine† 43). This led to a scarce amount of food and many died from starvation, or other diseases that resulted from the famine (Grada, â€Å"Ireland’s Great Famine† 51). In theRead MoreThe Gang Resistance Education And Training ( Great ) Program1298 Words   |  6 PagesStage 1: Analyzing the Problem. 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According to Kinley Brauer, Lord Palmerston, the British Prime Minister, and Lord John Russell, Great Britain’s Foreign Secretary proposed European aid to America in theRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Paediatric Obesity1731 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequences can continue into adulthood (Reilly et al., 2003) therefore effective weight loss interventions treating childhood obesity are essential to prevent adult obesity and its related health consequences. The key changes have been identified as dietary and physical activity behaviours (Michie, Abraham, Whittington, McAteer, 2009) and should therefore be the primary targets of these interventions. Although intensive lifestyle programs can have positive clinical outcomes in adults (e.g. KnowlerRead MoreChildhood Schizophrenia Interventions. 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Friday, December 20, 2019

The Child s Right And An Open Future By Claudia Mills

Autonomy is the greatest right that any one person has. Adults are mature and intelligent enough to choose what they believe to be the best decisions to help them flourish in life. Children, however, are not developed enough to make that decision for themselves. This is why children are dependent upon their parents until they are old enough to make those kinds of decisions for themselves. It is also why parents have a right to raise their child how they see fit since they should have the child’s best interest in mind and have the ability to make those decisions. In the essay â€Å"The Child’s Right to an Open Future,† Claudia Mills provides a rebuttal to Joel Feinberg’s essay on â€Å"The Child’s Right to an Open Future.† She believes â€Å"that it is†¦show more content†¦Feinberg wants the child to be able to pursue whatever version of the good life that the child wants when they get older. Therefore, I think this point against Fei nberg is a flawed one to make. Mills also says that giving a child this sort of life is shallow. I would argue that such a life is enriching and valuable. In giving children so many different experiences, however short they may be, will show them what could be and give them valuable life experience that will make them wiser in choosing their own version of the good life. The experience would give children the skills to be even more religiously tolerant. Mills applies the previous argument to religion, specifically the case of a family raising their kid with an â€Å"open† religious future, and I apply the same counterargument. Mills says that such a shopping-mall tour of religions will â€Å"provide at best a glib and shallow overview even of the actual propositions that adherents of those religions purport to believe.† (Mills, 2003, pg. 502) In allowing the child to experience many different religions the child will now have the ability to make an informed decision about their own religion. The important issue here is to not trivialize religion, as it is such a deeply meaningful part of many peoples lives. The parents have a responsibility to teach the child the importance and value of a religious life. If the child understands how important religion and spirituality are then the child willShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Meaning of the Land in Gone with the Wind6993 Words   |  28 Pagesin the United States. Her father was an attorney and the president of the Atlanta Historical Society, and her mother was a suffragette and advocated of womens rights. Atlanta was controlled by the north army in 1864, which have become the favorite topic of conversation of the habitants in Atlanta in the later. As a result, from the child stage, Margaret Mitchell had heard her father and his friends even the neighbors talking about the Civil War. When she was 26 years old, Margaret Mitchell decidedRead MoreGender Pay Gap14271 Words   |  58 Pageslegislation aimed at bringing women s wages more closely in line with those of men. Others say new laws are not needed because the wage gap largely can be explained by such factors as women s choices of occupation and the amount of time they spend in the labor force. Meanwhile, a class-action suit charging Wal-Mart Stores with gender bias in pay and promotions — the biggest sex-discrimination lawsuit in U.S. history — may be heading for the Supreme Court. Some women s advocates argue that a controversialRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDavid A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions Editor: Kim Norbuta Editorial Project Manager: Claudia Fernandes Director of Marketing: Patrice LumumbaRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to PearsonRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesGerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesThe Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval systemRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesCopyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Lets All Stay In School Essay Example For Students

Lets All Stay In School Essay September 27, 2003Period 11I think that the proposal for High School education offered at home on the computer does not serve as a great idea. Students should have the opportunity to be able to interact with peers and follow the way that has provided education for centuries. Sheltered under a roof at home will not give students the chance to these opportunities and can result in many negative ways. Right now, Philadelphia has a reputation as the city of brotherly love along with one of the highest obesity rates in America. The teenage population sitting at home on the computer seven hours a day, five days a week would not help this issue. Personally, when I get home and are continually just sitting around, I tend to constantly eat. Also I know that a lot of my friends have this habit as well. Take in mind also the factor that no gym and extra curricular activities are provided. Since the adolescences are not in a school there are no ways of proving that they are participating in exer cise. To eat is one thing but when no activity takes place weight really can become a serious issue. Habits that are developed in teen years are not always the easiest to get rid of when people have reached adulthood, which means life, could continue this way or possibly end it in obesity. The academic standards in most schools have to remain at a C average and above, especially to be able to graduate from Downingtown High School. Even though the school board tries to enforce this, many students have a hard time reaching that C. If teens start to become educated at home with no supervision problems would most likely occur. Distraction from studies shows one problem that could occur. Television, the phone, online chats, and other things to do around a home should not be held in the same place where students try to educate themselves. Also, what happens when the computer does not fully explain a lesson? No teacher explanations would be available as well as other help students can rece ive from a regular school. Hands on activity and class discussions often help me to better understand a lesson but without them grades may seriously suffer. The biggest problem with having school at home would be that there is no peer interaction. Everyone needs to experience different situations with different kinds of people in order to learn and grow. For example, when high school students graduate from an at home school and go into the real world, what kind of social skills would exist? As well as the ability to interact with different races and ethnic backgrounds without discriminating judgments, if not exposed normality of human instinct would make people scared of difference. Friends also play a very important role in lives of teenagers. I do not know a single teenager who does not enjoy the time that they share with their friends. While at home students would stay copped up to themselves with no availability to social opportunities. Also with no friends self-esteem can go do wn and other problems may result. However, I do see a positive point to having the chance to learn at your house. Sometimes kids show cruelty and when differences such as disabilities occur, jokes and taunting could occur. Learning at home could also help to eliminate mental and emotional scars. Still, everyone needs to know how to deal with people and situations. As well as with the problem of weight gain and keeping up grades I am sure there would be a way to still have a child with a disability in a public school. Next time one thinks about not wanting to go to school remember all the advantages it has and what negative things can come from learning at ones computer. One can help to rebuttal this proposal by showing that there is no need for it and education in public schools is fine. Lets show that teenagers care enough about the future and the quality in which one lives.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Project Risk and Procurement Management Decision theory

Question: Describe about the Project Risk and Procurement Management for Decision theory. Answer: Introduction: The project risk and procurement management are necessary for managing all the activities which is done for developing a project in IBM. IBM is considering as the software company in this paper that is founded in the United Kingdom. IBM is a well-established company which provides various software solutions and software services. Project risks are identified at the time of planning to implement the project. Project risk is the event which is uncertain and not easy to manage. It is a condition of defect which can be occurred at the point of development of the project. Project procurement is the activities which are being done in a company at the time of the project development. It is a process that is used for acquiring the service and the software solution in a particular company (Stadtler 2015). The first step of the project procurement is planning and purchasing of required software tools. The outsourcing of the software solution takes place in this phase. The objectives of the project are reviewed at the time of planning the procurement for ensuring the resulted output. It is the process used in IBM to acquire the software solutions and the services. Procurement is the term of the management to define the significant part of non-paid expenditure. Procurement Strategy: The procurement strategy of IBM is the term to plan an approach for purchasing the required tools. The aim of procurement strategy of IBM is to achieve the lowest overall costs for developing the software tools. The procurement strategy is referred to the implement the approach for managing the handling the budget and project risks and opportunities at the time of development (Samvedi et al. 2013). It is very important to understand the working requirements to implement an effective procurement strategy. The working requirements must be analyzed all the factors including the objectives of developing projects and objectives of the business. The procurement strategy is used to develop strategy for the growth of IBM. Procurement strategy is used for the identification of the supplier (Mena et al. 2014). Supplier identification: The company must pay attention to which they paid the invoice. It is used to develop the supplier relationship management and the first step of supplier relationship management is to identify the supplier. Supplier Segmentation: The numbers of the suppliers are identified to whom the company has paid the invoice. The process of segmentation of the suppliers helps the organization to find out those suppliers who can contribute to the business strategy (Theodorakopoulos et al. 2015). Figure 1: Model of Procurement Operations (Source: Mena et al. 2014) Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management is the process to identify and manage the required resources or the tools to develop the software. Supply chain management is the process to manage all the needs and to supply all the resources that are required for the development of the software. Supply chain management is the term defining the activities which are being done at any workplace. Supply chain management includes all the activities and the tools of a workplace such as material or the physical goods and the software services as well as the required resources. Supply chain management is the mix-up of the information, software project and services and the tools or materials and the financial condition of a company (Alexander et al. 2014). Supply chain management is the term to define the activities done by management in a company. It is used to manage the flow of software good and the services in any company.IBM use the supply chain management to manage all the software projects. Supply chain management flow can be divided into three parts such as: 1. Product Flow In the product flow, the supply chain of the software service from the supplier to the customer is described. The flow to supply software services is defined in product flow and the supply of the software may be the supplier to customer and may be the customer to the supplier for the improvement (Valds et al. 2015). If, there s an error occurred at execution time so the customer can revert that software for the improvement. This type of flow of the software and the services is known as the product flow. 2. Information flow: The information flow in IBM is the term where the information foe developing the software tools is exchanged between the customer and the supplier or within the organization to communicate with the employees of the organizations. The information flow takes place when the customer places the order for any service or the software. It is the term which is used to update the delivery information and the payment information. 3. Finance Flow: Finance flow is the way to define the debits and credits done in the company. The charges for providing the software services and the software come under the finance flow term. There is two other type of software supply chain management explained such as to plan the applications and to execute the applications. Supply chain management is used for planning to develop the applications. It is used to implement the development strategy of the software project. The development of the applications is planned using the algorithms. An appropriate algorithm is used to find out the best way to complete development of the software (Christopher 2016). The execution of the application is used to track the status of the software development or the software tools and to track the management of the materials and the financial involvement of the supplier and the customer. Supply chain management is the process based on the open data models that are used to support the data sharing within the organization. Supply chain management is the process to support the sharing of the data outside the organization also (Volk et al. 2014). The shared information or the data can be store d in various database systems or the data warehouses or the clouds. Supply chain management is used to increase the potential for the improvement of the software consumption. Supply chain management is used to reduce the cost of the project development and to reduce the risk of the project which may occur at the time of the development. It is also used for implementing the better supply chain of the current tools and the available resources. It is necessary to manage the resources for the future so that the scarcity problem of resources may not occur. Supply chain management is helpful for managing the development of the website or the various web applications which have been developed in any software company or IBM (Bozarth and Handfield 2016). SCM provides some solutions for managing the development of the software. Figure 2: Model of Supply Chain Management (Source: Bozarth and Handfield 2016) Procurement Processes: The procurement process of IBM is the way of purchasing the software tools or software services. It is the process of acquiring the software services and managing the purchase and sell of the software projects and the software services. The procurement process in IBM is used as a bid process to acquire the software services from the outside or to provide the software products to the other organization or the customers (Rita and Krapfel 2015). It acts to acquire and to purchase the software services from an organization. Procure is the term to handle the marginal benefits, price fluctuation and the delivery status and the placed orders as well. E-procurement: E-procurement process of IBM is the process of business to consumer, business to government and business to the business sale and the purchase of the goods and the software projects and the software services through the internet. The value chain of the e-procurement is made up of the electronic information, electronic tendering, electronic auctioning and various electronic activities which are done using the internet (Fernandes and Vieira 2015). The management of the indent includes the workflow involved in the preparations of the software projects tenders. Indent management part of the workflow is optional that is helpful to provide the best indent process for the procurement. E-procurement Capabilities of IBM: The catalog of the products is tailored with much currency and many language supports. There is an option available for the online product customization so that the customer can avail those IBM products which customer needs. There is an option for automated order entry so that the customer can place the order with less number of errors (Phillips 2013). E-procurement supports some platforms in IBM: SAP Oracle Ariba E-Marketplaces Sustainable Procurement: Sustainable procurement is a process of investment and purchasing. Sustainable procurement is a process that is being used in IBM to control the social and environmental impacts of the investment and purchasing process. This process is used by IBM to fulfill the requirements of services and the work utilities (Morozov et al. 2016). This process is used to meet the required resources to the organizations such as software tools and the services. Sustainable procurement is used to gain the profits in IBM by fulfilling the requirement of all the resources and it is also used for generating the value for money in any organization to make the profit. Sustainable procurement can be used by all the organizations to make sure that the purchasing goals of the company are linked to the climate change and the resource efficiency. Importance of the procurementfor global organizations operating in complex environments: The procurement is very important for the success of the global organization. Procurement is important for purchasing the software and for developing the error free software. Procurement is helping the global organizations in such ways that the old manager never imagined. According to the report of The Boston Consulting Group, the importance of the procurement functions is describing. By using the procurement process, any software company such as IBM can implement the strategy to reduce the risk such as the project execution error. Procurement is important for the rapid growth of the companies (Yan et al. 2016). The procurement process is very important for IBM Company Such As IBM increased its growth rapidly and formed a remarkable transformation over last fourteen years. The procurement team of IBM is stationed in various countries. By using the centralized and decentralized process, IBM transformed its procurement. Procurement enables the companies to outsource and offshore their manufacturing operations. The total turnover can be improved by using the functions of procurement. It is helpful to regulate and improve the production of the company and the services provided by the company. The procurement process is very efficient for making the right decision for the cost of the goods. It affects the overall cost carrying out the decision. The total cost of the software projects and the software service decides by using the procurement by many departments of the company. The procurement process is related to the strategic functions or the strategic working to increase the profit of the company. The prices of the tools used for developing the software can be reduced by using the procurement functions and the total cost of developing a project can be reduced. Procurement process enables the company to find out the best resources to develop the software project or any other projects. The procurement process is necessary to reduce the risk of the failure of any project at the time of execution. The output can be maximized by using the procurement functions regarding research within the available funds. By investing the same capital, the resulted output can be improved of the software solution. In the public sector, the funds for investing comes from the public in the form of student fees paid for purchasing any software and from the grants and from the taxes paid by the public. Procurement is necessary for ensuring that the possible value for the money is obtained at the time of commitment of the expenditure. Procurement functions are used to analyze the result of the project that the resulted out is same with the targeted out or it is not same. The procurement process is used in the global organization to reduce the risk of the failure of the project and to meet the user's requirement. Procurement supports the operational requirements of the companies such as to understand the requirements of the business and the strategy to purchase the software services or goods from the right source and to sell the goods to the specific users. Identifying the opportunity and the objectives of the company is necessary. Contribution of the procurement to IBM: The contribution of the procurement functions is very wide in the global organizations. The role of the procurement in IBM is to sustain the software service and the software projects to meet the internal requirements of the organization. The functions of the procurement are helping the organizations to understand and implement the strategy for purchasing the goods and the software services. The procurement process is important to manage the supply chain process of a company such as to identify the opportunities, achieve the objectives and to manage the internal and external operations. Procurement gives the value to the managers of the company to evaluate and select the supplier to supply the software projects and the software services. The procurement process the purchasing of the tools which is required for developing the software projects. The review of the software specifications is done under the procurement functions. The sourcing teams increased by the procurement function an d the total turnover can also be increased by using the procurement functions (Ferri et al. 2014). Procurement function allows the organizations to take advantages of the discounts and the warranties given to the customers. The procurement allows IBM to negotiate with the local vendors to take the advantages of the discount on the software solutions and services. In 1990s early, IBM was the decentralized organization and the end user' review was very negative for IBM. There was the lack of the sourcing expertise. The process of IBM was very inconsistent and the paper intensive. The technology used in IM was very not high technologies and there was a lack of the basic information. A procurement function contributes the organization in many ways such as to manage all the process well. Now, IBM is one of the top- most IT company. Procurement functions are very helpful for IBM to establish a reputation among the competitive market and to be established in the global market. Contribution Chart of Procurement functions to the global market: Business Metrics Early 1990s Current Report Savings / Competitiveness Unknown Topmost competitor for every IT company Maverick Buying 30 - 40% Increased Satisfactory Audits 55% 99.9% Client Satisfaction 40% 100% P.O. Processing Cycle-Time 30 days Less than a week Contract Cycle-Time Length 6 - 12 months 40 (+) pages Depends on clients requirement (Source: Ferri et al. 2014) Competitive advantages of the Procurement management functions: Procurement management functions enable IBM organizations to gain various competitive advantages. Procurement management helps IBM to develop the strong procurement capabilities using procurement transformation. A procurement management function enables IBM to drive a high-value strategic approach in the global environment. An innovation process is focused on leveraging the procurement capability and synergy. A procurement management function enables IBM to follow the CSCO agenda is used to manage the supply chain, risk and the globalization. Procurement management functions are all about doing the right purchasing works to provide competitive advantages to an organization (Monczka et al. 2015). In 1990s IBM was not highly valued by the top business but in today era, IBM is the well-established company. Procurement management functions enable IBM to handle all the activities very well. Literature review for the project risk for IBM: A literature review is designed for the examining the potential to develop the useful and the error free project. When the software developer is developing a project and the developer is not able to achieve the targeted output then there is the high probability of the risk occurrence. There may be some uncertain or unexpected variation that affects the quality of the project. The project risk management in IT includes tow processes that are risk evaluation before developing the project and managing the risk at the time of the development. The focus of this report is to manage the risk at the development time of the project (Kern et al. 2012). In a study of 56 decision support system, there are four implementation strategies suggested by Alter to manage the project risk. Those four strategies are following as division of the project activities to the responsible and qualified person, to keep the simple solution and the solution should base on satisfactory output and the last is that the developed project should meet the user's requirement. Literature review of the Procurement Management for IBM: Procurement management is the way to manage all the purchasing and selling process of IBM. The literature review of the procurement management for IBM is divided into three parts. In the first section, the dimension of IBM responsibility is introduced. This section shows the various environmental management system and methods. The second section is used to define the supply chain management process of IBM that concentrated on various procurement functions (Yang et al. 2015). The third section of the literature review is the mixed strategy of the first and second part. The third part of the literature is used to transfer the environmental issues into the various phases of procurement accounts. Supply Risk: Supply risk is a process to define the chances of incidents and the chances of the project failure. Supply risk is used to define the risk associated with the inbound supply. Supply risk is the term used in any IT company to identify the risk which can occur at the time of project development. Supply risk can be managed by using the supply chain management (Hoffmann et al. 2013). Conclusion: Project procurement in IBM is independent activity that is carried out at the time of project execution. It is a systematic process to identify and procure the activities done at the development time of a project. Project procurement is the function for the project manager and project procurement is very necessary for IBM or all the organizations to manage the activities and to earn the profit. Project procurement functions help IBM to be established in the global markets (Costantino et al. 2015). The procurement and the supply chain management are the processes used in the various organizations to manage all the activities done in an organization. In short, it can be said that the procurement and the supply chain management is the way to handle the project risk to make the project successful and to increase the value of the company in the global market. Reference List: Alexander, A., Walker, H. and Naim, M., 2014. Decision theory in sustainable supply chain management: a literature review.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(5/6), pp.504-522. Bozarth, C.B. and Handfield, R.B., 2016.Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Costantino, F., Di Gravio, G. and Nonino, F., 2015. Insights from action research.International Business Management,9(4), pp.416-424. Fernandes, T. and Vieira, V., 2015. Public e-procurement impacts in small-and medium-enterprises.International Journal of Procurement Management,8(5), pp.587-607. Ferri, L.M., Oelze, N., Habisch, A. and Molteni, M., 2014. Implementation of responsible Procurement Management: An Institutional Perspective.Business Strategy and the Environment. Hoffmann, P., Schiele, H. and Krabbendam, K., 2013. Uncertainty, supply risk management and their impact on performance.Journal of purchasing and supply management,19(3), pp.199-211. Kern, D., Moser, R., Hartmann, E. and Moder, M., 2012. 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